Intro - Chapter: 0:History 1:Design 2:Basics 3:Var 4:Op 5:IO 6:Block 7:Sub 8:OOP 9:Rx 10:Meta
Overview - Appendices: A:Index B:Tables C:Cook D:Delta E:Best of F:Links G:Glossary

Herbert Breunung: Inside a shell might be a Perl.

This tablet is about the core stuff of Perl's genesis - reading and writing files, running commands, and gluing parts of the operating environment together in new ways.

Terminal

The terminal, command line or shell is the primary communication device for a script with its user. Most tutorials begin with writing some message to that black window.

say

say 'Dear Earthlings!';

Writes text to the standard output ($*OUT, called STDOUT in Perl 5). This example just prints a string literal, but any type of value is allowed. say adds a line ending, according to the operating system convention. So every time you "say" something, it will start on a fresh line.

You can also give say a list of values. Each item will be taken as an expression, that has to evaluated. The results will be combined, just like with ~, and finally the line ending will be added.

say 'Dear Earthlings, we come from ', $our_home_planet, ', which is ', compute_distance($earth, $our_home_planet), ' parsecs away.';

That could also be written, using double-quoted strings, like:

say "Dear Earthlings, we come from $our_home_planet, which is { compute_distance($earth, $our_home_planet) } parsecs away.";

which is sometimes more, but sometimes less readable and needs extra punctuation to split it over several lines of code.

print

Like say, just without adding the line ending. Remember it like this: machines print explicitly, character by character without pauses. People, on the other hand, speak in sentences or speech balloons, which have to be separated.

printf

It's a print that understands also the syntax of sprintf. It's a very lightweight framework for formated output. If you need more, use formats or even a template engine.

my $num = 22/7;
printf "Even on $our_home_planet, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter is approximately %0.3f\n", $num;

note

Works like say, but writes to $*ERR (known as STDERR in Perl 5). Content sent to $*ERR can be redirected separately from normal program output, and is often used for progress reports, extra debugging information, error messages, etc.

warn

Behaves somewhat like print to $*ERR (see note). Under the hood, warn is a "resumable exception", and its message can be caught and handled farther up the call stack in some way. Normally, once it's handled, Perl will resume running the code just after the warn call.

get

Reads one line of input from $*IN (called STDIN in Perl 5), and strips the line ending. So unlike in Perl 5, you don't have to chomp input. All following line-oriented commands (e.g., prompt, lines) behave that way.

$answer = get;

prompt

Performs two-way communication with the terminal. It does an output like print, followed by a read like get. In most instances it's nicer to leave a trailing space.

given prompt 'Where is the next service station? ' {
    when / :i ^ duh / { say "Huh, no anti matter anywhere?!" }
    default           { say "Thank you kindly, you've been a great help." }
}

Files

file test

file test operators

slurp

Reads the entire contents of a file as a single string.

my $contents = slurp 'filename.txt';

lines

open

read for files

print for files

say for files

open

Synopsis:

open('new', :w).close

given open('foo', :w) { # "Anonymous" filehandle

.say('Hello, world!');
.close

}

Valid modes are:

r : read

w : write

a : append (Note: you must specify "wa", not just "a")

p : pipe

close

rename for files

Directories

$*CWD

dir

mkdir

chdir

chroot

rmdir

rename

Sockets

Processes

run

runinstead

fork

wait

kill

Intro - Chapter: 0:History 1:Design 2:Basics 3:Var 4:Op 5:IO 6:Block 7:Sub 8:OOP 9:Rx 10:Meta
Overview - Appendices: A:Index B:Tables C:Cook D:Delta E:Best of F:Links G:Glossary